Female Infertility: Detailed Information

Cancer and its treatment may sometimes put female survivors at risk for infertility. Infertility means not being able to get pregnant or maintain a pregnancy, usually after you have been trying for over a year. There are many different causes for infertility in cancer survivors. While it’s best to discuss your risk for infertility before treatment begins, there are still options for cancer survivors who may experience infertility as a result of cancer or its treatment.

Infertility or possible infertility may affect you emotionally. If you want to have children, it’s perfectly understandable if thinking about being infertile makes you feel sad or upset. This document outlines the physical causes of infertility and options for survivors who may have difficulty having children. It does not explain how infertility can affect you emotionally, which is something you may want to discuss with a mental health professional.

If you are worried about infertility, you should set up an appointment with your gynecologist or another member of your health care team to discuss any concerns or questions you have about the information in this document.

Who might be at risk for infertility?

Infertility may happen in female survivors who have:

• Treatment or surgery that directly affects their reproductive organs
• Surgery that removes the uterus, tubes or ovary
• Radiation treatment directed to cancer in the abdomen

Some chemotherapy medicines, like those in the alkylating agents group, can cause infertility. These types of chemotherapy medicines can be used to treat many different kinds of cancer, not just cancers that affect the reproductive organs.

Chemotherapy can cause infertility by either reducing the number of eggs in your ovaries or by causing early menopause. Menopause is when menstrual periods stop, because the ovaries run out of eggs. If you are in menopause, it means there are no eggs left, or the remaining few eggs are not healthy.

The table below lists some of the chemotherapy medicines that may damage your ovaries. You might want to discuss this table with a member of your health care team during your next check-up if you don’t know what medicine you received during your treatment.

What are some symptoms of infertility?

Some survivors don’t realize that they are infertile until they try to have children and aren’t able to get pregnant. There are some symptoms of infertility you can look for. However, if you experience any of these symptoms, it does not always mean you are infertile. They could be symptoms of other medical conditions.

You might want to talk to your doctor about your fertility if:

• Your menstrual cycles aren’t regular
• You are having hot flashes
• It hurts when you have sex
• You have been trying to get pregnant, but you can’t
• You had several miscarriages

Female cancer survivors who completed puberty before they started treatment usually stop menstruating during treatment. This does not mean you are infertile. Your period should return within six months of completing treatment. If it hasn’t returned within a year and you are concerned about infertility, you should discuss how long it has been since your last period with a member of your health care team. It may not be related to your fertility. You may have another physical problem that needs treatment.

Some survivors can easily get pregnant but cannot carry a baby to full term, even though they still have healthy eggs. This usually is not because of cancer treatment, but it is still a problem you can discuss with your gynecologist or another member of your health care team.

Your health care team may want to run tests if you are experiencing premature or immediate menopause. Infertility can happen after menopause or in the few years preceding it, because there are no eggs left, or the remaining few eggs are not healthy. The Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) measurement is one test used to determine if you are in menopause. If FSH levels are high, you may need to use donor eggs if you want to get pregnant.

Your health care team may check your ovarian tubes and uterus to determine whether there is damage to these organs that might cause infertility. Damage to ovaries can happen if you had pelvic or abdominal surgery for cancer.

When might cancer survivors want to consider their fertility?

If you haven’t started treatment for your primary or secondary cancer, you should discuss fertility risks before you start treatment. If you have finished treatment, you should discuss your fertility with your health care team as soon as you decide that you want to have children. It’s best to contact a fertility specialist as soon as you begin trying to have a child, because you may only have a small number of eggs left. You may run out of your eggs before you realize that you are having difficulties. Even though females who are not cancer survivors usually wait a year before seeing a fertility specialist, you may want to consider talking to a fertility specialist sooner.

What are some suggestions for survivors who want to preserve their fertility before, during or after treatment?

Below is a brief list. For more information, see Suggestions.

If you are interested in finding out more about how your cancer treatment may have affected your fertility:

• Talk to your health care team about your fertility
• Find a fertility clinic

Fertility options you can discuss with your health care team:

• In vitro fertilization (if you are not yet menopausal)
• Donor embryos
• Donor eggs
• Ovarian autotransplantation (experimental)
• Surrogacy
• Adoption

This document was produced in collaboration with:
Kutluk Oktay, MD, FACOG
Associate Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Medicine & Infertility, Weill Medical College of Cornell University

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